Kimigayo

君が代
English: The Reign of Our Emperor
Kimigayo
Kimigayo.score.svg
Score of Kimigayo
National anthem of  Japan
Lyrics Waka poem, Heian period (794-1185)
Music Yoshiisa Oku, Akimori Hayashi and Franz Eckert, 1880
Adopted August 13, 1999 (Heisei 11)
Music sample
Kimigayo (Instrumental)

"Kimigayo" (君が代?) is the national anthem of Japan. It is also one of the world's shortest national anthems in current use, with a length of 11 measures and 32 characters.[1][2][3] Its lyrics are based on a Waka poem written in the Heian period (794-1185), sung to a melody written in the imperial period (1868–1945). The current melody was chosen in 1880, replacing an unpopular melody composed eleven years earlier.

During the imperial period, Kimigayo was the official national anthem. When the “Empire of Japan” (imperial period) fell and the “State of Japan” (democratic period) started in 1945, polity was changed from absolutism to democracy. But, the national anthem Kimigayo was not abolished, had long been de facto national anthem during the democratic period (1945–present). It was only legally recognized in 1999 with the passage of Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem. Since the democratic period's inception, there has been controversy over the performance of the anthem at public school ceremonies. Along with the Hinomaru flag, Kimigayo is claimed by some people to be a symbol of Japanese imperialism and militarism.[1]

Contents

History and origin

Sazare-Ishi pebbles are believed to grow into boulders in some legends. A photo taken at Shimogamo Shrine in Kyōto.

The lyrics first appeared in a poem anthology, Kokin Wakashū, as an anonymous poem. The poem was included in many anthologies, and was used in a later period as a celebration song by people of all social statures. Unlike the form used for the current national anthem, the poem originally began with "Wa ga Kimi wa" ('you, my lord') instead of "Kimi ga Yo wa" ('your reign'). The lyrics were changed during the Kamakura period.[4]

In 1869, John William Fenton, a visiting Irish military band leader, realized there was no national anthem in Japan, and suggested to Iwao Ōyama, an officer of the Satsuma Clan, that one be created. Ōyama agreed, and selected the lyrics.[5] The lyrics may have been chosen for their similarity to the British national anthem, due to Fenton's influence.[6] After selecting the anthem's lyrics, Ōyama then asked Fenton to create the melody. After being given just two[7] to three weeks to compose the melody and only a few days to rehearse, Fenton debuted the anthem before the Japanese Emperor in 1870.[6] This was the first version of Kimigayo, which was discarded because the melody "lacked solemnity."[8] However, this version is still performed annually at the Myōkōji Shrine in Yokohama, where Fenton served as a military band leader. Myōkōji serves as a memorial to him.[5]

In 1880, the Imperial Household Agency adopted a new melody composed by Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi. The composer is often listed as Hiromori Hayashi, who was their supervisor and Akimori's father. Akimori was also one of Fenton's pupils.[6] Although the melody is based on a traditional mode of Japanese court music, it is composed in a mixed style influenced by Western hymns, and uses some elements of the Fenton arrangement.[9] The German musician Franz Eckert applied the melody with Western style harmony, creating the second and current version of Kimigayo. By 1893, Kimigayo was included in public school ceremonies due to the efforts of the then Ministry of Education.[4]

Since 1999

The Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem was passed in 1999, choosing both the Hinomaru and Kimigayo as Japan's national symbols. The passage of the law stemmed from a suicide of a school principal in Hiroshima who could not resolve a dispute between his school board and his teachers over the use of the Hinomaru and Kimigayo.[10]

Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) decided to draft legislation to make the Hinomaru and Kimigayo official symbols of Japan in 2000. His Chief Cabinet Secretary, Hiromu Nonaka, wanted the legislation to be completed by the 10th anniversary of the coronation of Akihito as Emperor.

Main supporters of the bill were the LDP and the Komeito (CGP), while the opposition included the Social Democratic Party (SDPJ) and Communist Party (CPJ), who cited the connotations both symbols had with the war era. The CPJ was further opposed for not allowing the issue to be decided by the public. Meanwhile, the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) could not develop party consensus on it. President of the DPJ, Naoto Kan stated that the DPJ must support the bill because the party already recognized both symbols as the symbols of Japan.[11] Deputy Secretary General and future prime minister Yukio Hatoyama thought that this bill would cause further divisions among society and the public schools.[12]

The House of Representatives passed the bill on July 22, 1999, by a 403 to 86 vote.[13] The legislation was sent to the House of Councilors on July 28 and was passed on August 9. It was enacted into law on August 13.[14] Attempts to designate only the Hinomaru as the national flag by the DPJ and other parties during the vote of the bill were rejected by the Diet.[15] Another attempt that was made was to adopt the melody of Kimigayo on the condition that new lyrics were also adopted; this was also rejected by the Diet.[16]

Lyrics

Official[17]
君が代は
千代に八千代に
さざれ石の
いわおとなりて
こけの生すまで

Hiragana
きみがよは
ちよにやちよに
さざれいしの
いわおとなりて
こけのむすまで

Rōmaji[8]
Kimigayo wa
Chiyo ni yachiyo ni
Sazare-ishi no
Iwao to narite
Koke no musu made

English
May your reign
Continue for a thousand, eight thousand generations,
Until the pebbles
Grow into boulders
Lush with moss

Poetic English by English professor Basil Hall Chamberlain[18]
Thousands of years of happy reign be thine;
Rule on, my lord, till what are pebbles now
By ages united to mighty rocks shall grow
Whose venerable sides the moss doth line.

Etymology

Since the Heian period or earlier, the word "kimi" has been used

as a noun to indicate an emperor or one's lord (i.e., master);[19][20]
as an honorific noun or suffix to indicate a person.[19]

For example, the protagonist Hikaru Genji (光源氏?) of the Tale of Genji is also called "Hikaru no Kimi" or "Hikaru-gimi" (光の君 or 光君?).

Under the Constitution of Japan (promulgated on Nov. 3, 1946), Japan's emperor is no longer a sovereign, but is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people.

In 1999, during the deliberations of the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem, the official definition of Kimi or Kimi-ga-yo was questioned repeatedly.

Then Prime Minister Keizō Obuchi replied on June 29, 1999 as follows:

"Kimi" indicates the Emperor, who is the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, and whose position is derived from the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens, with whom sovereign power resides. And, the phrase "Kimigayo" indicates our State, Japan, which has the Emperor enthroned as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people by the consensus-based will of Japanese citizens. And it is reasonable to take the lyric of Kimigayo to mean the wish for the lasting prosperity and peace of such country of ours.[21]

Protocol

Kimigayo played at a volleyball tournament in Ōsaka.

The lyrics and musical notation of the anthem are given in the second appendix of the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem. As for the sheet music itself, it displays a four part vocal arrangement with no mention of tempo and all of the lyrics in hiragana. The anthem is composed in 4/4 (common time) in the key of C major.[1][17] The Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem does not detail how one should show respect during performances of Kimigayo. In a statement made by Prime Minister Obuchi, the legislation will not impose new regulations on the Japanese people when it comes to respecting the flag or anthem.[22] However, local government bodies and private organizations sometimes suggest or demand certain protocols be followed. For example, an October 2003 directive by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government required teachers to stand during the national anthem at graduation ceremonies. While standing, the teachers are required to sing Kimigayo while facing the Hinomaru.[23] United States military personnel in Japan, even when in civilian dress, are required by regulations to place their right hand over their heart when Kimigayo, The Star-Spangled Banner, or any national anthem is performed.[24] The Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem also does not dictate when or where Kimigayo should be played. The anthem, however, is commonly played at sporting events inside of Japan, or at international sporting events where Japan has a competing team. At sumō tournaments, Kimigayo is played before the awards ceremony.[8]

Public schools

A group of people facing a man and woman on a stage. Two flags are above the stage.
A Hokkaido Prefecture graduation ceremony with both the Hinomaru and the Hokkaido Prefecture flags

Since the end of World War II, the Ministry of Education has issued statements and regulations to promote the usage of both the Hinomaru and Kimigayo at schools under their jurisdiction. The first of these statements was released in 1950, stating that it was desirable, but not required, to use both symbols. This desire was later expanded to include both symbols on national holidays and during ceremonial events to encourage students on what national holidays are and to promote defense education. The Ministry not only took great measures to explain that both symbols are not formally established by law, they also referred to Kimigayo as a song and refused to call it the national anthem. It was not until 1977 that the Ministry referred to Kimigayo as the national anthem (国歌, kokka) of Japan.[25] In a 1989 reform of the education guidelines, the LDP-controlled government first demanded that the Hinomaru flag must be used in school ceremonies and that proper respect must be given to it and to Kimigayo.[26] Punishments for school officials who did not follow this order were also enacted with the 1989 reforms.[25]

The 1999 curriculum guideline issued by the Ministry of Education after the passage of the Law Regarding the National Flag and Anthem decrees that "on entrance and graduation ceremonies, schools must raise the flag of Japan and instruct students to sing the "Kimigayo" (national anthem), given the significance of the flag and the song."[27] Additionally, the ministry's commentary on the 1999 curriculum guideline for elementary schools note that "given the advance of internationalization, along with fostering patriotism and awareness of being Japanese, it is important to nurture school children's respectful attitude toward the flag of Japan and Kimigayo as they grow up to be respected Japanese citizens in an internationalized society."[28] The ministry also stated that if Japanese students cannot respect their own symbols, then they will not be able to respect the symbols of other nations.[29]

Schools have been the center of controversy over both the anthem and the national flag.[30] The Tokyo Board of Education requires the use of both the anthem and flag at events under their jurisdiction. The order requires school teachers to respect both symbols or risk losing their jobs.[31] Some have protested that such rules violate the Constitution of Japan, but the Board has argued that since schools are government agencies, their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to be good Japanese citizens.[1] Teachers have unsuccessfully brought criminal complaints against Tokyo Governor Shintarō Ishihara and senior officials for ordering teachers to honor the Hinomaru and Kimigayo.[32] After earlier opposition, the Japan Teachers Union accepts the use of both the flag and anthem; the smaller All Japan Teachers and Staffs Union still opposes both symbols and their use inside the school system.[33]

Public perception

Since the end of World War II, there has been criticism of the anthem for its association with militarism and the virtual worship of the emperor as a deity, which some see as incompatible with a democratic society.[1] Similar objections have been raised to Japan's current national flag, and demonstrations are sometimes held against both. In 1999, the Japanese government passed the bill on national flag and anthem, which designated Kimigayo as the national anthem and Hinomaru as the national flag.

Since October 23, 2003, 410 teachers and school workers have been punished for refusing to stand and sing the anthem as ordered by school principals. This has made recent headlines.[34]

Schools have seen conflict over both the anthem and the flag, as the Tokyo Board of Education requires that the anthem be sung and that the flag be flown at events at Tokyo metropolitan government schools, and that school teachers respect both (by, for example, standing for the singing of the anthem) or risk losing their jobs.[35][36] Some have protested that such rules violate the Constitution of Japan, while the Board, for its part, has argued that since schools are government agencies, their employees have an obligation to teach their students how to be good Japanese citizens.[1]

Opponents respond that as Japan is a democratic country, a national anthem praising a monarch is not appropriate and that forced participation in a ceremony involving the singing of an anthem is against the freedom of thought clause in the Constitution (Article 19). The government stated at the time of the Act of 1999 that the lyrics are meant to wish for Japan to be at peace with the emperor as a symbol of unity.[4]

In 2006 Katsuhisa Fujita, a retired teacher in Tokyo, was threatened with imprisonment, and fined 200,000 yen (roughly 2,000 US dollars), after he was accused of disturbing a graduation ceremony at Itabashi High School by urging the attendees to remain seated during the playing of the anthem.[37] At the time of Fujita's sentence, 345 teachers had been punished for refusing to take part in anthem related events, though Fujita is the only man to have been convicted in relation to it.[38]

On September 21, 2006, the Tokyo District Court ordered the Tokyo Metropolitan Government to pay compensation to the teachers who had been subjected to punishment under the directive of the Tokyo Board of Education. The then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi commented, "It is a natural idea to treat the national anthem importantly". The ruling has been appealed by the Metropolitan Government.[39]

Outside of the school system, there was a controversy regarding Kimigayo soon after the passage of the 1999 law. A month after the law's passage, a record containing a performance of Kimigayo by Japanese rocker Kiyoshiro Imawano was removed by Polydor records for his next album Fuyu no Jujika. Polydor did not want a record to stir up emotion in the Japanese; in response, Imawano re-released the album through a independent label with the track in question.[40]

Other versions

The Slovenian band Laibach recorded an arrangement of Kimigayo for their album Volk.[41] As a way to avoid that type of punishment, teachers who are opposed to the compulsory singing of the anthem have tried to expand various English-language parody lyrics across Japan and through the Internet.[42] The parodies take the Japanese syllables and replace them with English phonetic equivalents (for example, in one of the more popular versions, "Kimi ga yo wa" becomes "Kiss me girl, your old one"), allowing those who sing the new version to remain undetected in a crowd.[43] Japanese conservatives deride what they describe as 'sabotage'. There is also a political significance to some of the alternative English lyrics as they can allude to comfort women.[44]

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Hongo, Jun. Hinomaru, 'Kimigayo' express conflicts both past and future. The Japan Times. 2007-07-17 [cited 2008-01-11].
  2. ↑ "イギリス生活情報週刊誌-英国ニュースダイジェスト". http://www.news-digest.co.uk/news/content/view/2457/161/. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
  3. ↑ NAITO, T. (1999-10). "「歌唱（ウタ）」を忘れた「君が代」論争". Bungeishunjū. http://www.ongen-music.com/kimigayo/kokka.html. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mayumi Itoh (July 2001). "Japan's Neo-Nationalism: The Role of the Hinomaru and Kimigayo Legislation". JPRI WORKING PAPER. Published by Japan Policy Research Institute. http://www.jpri.org/publications/workingpapers/wp79.html. Retrieved 2007-07-07. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Aura Sabadus (2006-03-14). "Japan searches for Scot who modernised nation". The Scotsman. Published by Johnston Press Digital Publishing. http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=379822006. Retrieved 2007-12-10. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Colin Joyce (2005-08-30). "Briton who gave Japan its anthem". Telegraph.co.uk. Published by Telegraph Media Group Limited. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/08/30/wjapan30.xml. Retrieved 2007-12-10. 
  7. ↑ Boyd, Richard; Tak-Wing Ngo (2006). State Making in Asia. Routledge. pp. 40. ISBN 978-0-415-34611-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=WF-ucX4oywIC&pg=PA40&dq=kimigayo&lr=&cd=27#v=onepage&q=kimigayo&f=false. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "National Flag and Anthem" (PDF). Web Japan. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2000. http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/11NFlagAnthem.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-11. 
  9. ↑ Hermann Gottschewski: "Hoiku shōka and the melody of the Japanese national anthem Kimi ga yo", in: Journal of the Society for Research in Asiatic Music (東洋音楽研究), No. 68 (2003), pp. (1)-(17). Published by The society for Research in Asiatic Music.
  10. ↑ Aspinall 2001, pp. 126.
  11. ↑ Democratic Party of Japan. 国旗国歌法制化についての民主党の考え方 [The DPJ Asks For A Talk About the Flag and Anthem Law]; 1999-07-21 [cited 2010-01-17]. (Japanese).
  12. ↑ Itoh 2003, pp. 209–210
  13. ↑ National Diet Library. 第１４５回国会　本会議　第４７号; 1999-07-22 [cited 2010-01-17]. (Japanese).
  14. ↑ House of Representatives. 議案審議経過情報: 国旗及び国歌に関する法律案; 1999-08-13 [cited 2010-01-17]. (Japanese).
  15. ↑ Democratic Party of Japan. 国旗・国歌法案、衆院で可決　民主党は自主投票 [Flag and Anthem Law Passed by the House, DPJ Free Vote]; 1999-07-22 [cited 2010-01-18]. (Japanese).
  16. ↑ Calichman 2005, pp. 211.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 国旗及び国歌に関する法律
  18. ↑ "Politika i ekonomija (Upoznajte Japan)" (in Serbian). Japanska ambasada u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori. 2003. http://www.yu.emb-japan.go.jp/Srpski/UpoznajteJapan-PolitikaEkonomija.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 新村出記念財団(1998). A dictionary of Japanese 『広辞苑』 ("Kōjien"), 5th edition. Published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers.
  20. ↑ "君が代の源流 (in Japanese)". http://www.furutasigaku.jp/jfuruta/jwagakim/jwagaki1.html.  "Inside "Kimigayo" (in English)". Furuta's Historical Science Association. http://www.furutasigaku.jp/efuruta/ewagakim/ewagaki.html. Retrieved 2008-05-10. 
  21. ↑ The House of Representatives (1999-06-29). "Info of the minutes (in Japanese) of the plenary session No.41 of the House of Representatives in the 145th Diet term". Database run by National Diet Library. http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/SENTAKU/syugiin/145/0001/14506290001041c.html. Retrieved 2008-05-10. 
  22. ↑ "Statement of Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 1999-08-09. http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/1999/8/809.html. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
  23. ↑ The Japan Times (2004-04-07). "EDITORIAL: Coercion can't foster respect". The Japan Times ONLINE. Published by The Japan Times Ltd. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20040407a1.html. Retrieved 2007-12-19. 
  24. ↑ Trevor M. Carlee (2005-02-18). "Corps places hand over heart for national anthem". Okinawa Marine. From United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20080411211730/http://www.okinawa.usmc.mil/public+affairs+info/Archive+News+Pages/2005/050218-heart.html. Retrieved 2007-12-19. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Goodman, Neary 1996, pp. 81–83.
  26. ↑ Trevor 2001, pp. 78.
  27. ↑ Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education Secretariat. 学習指導要領における国旗及び国歌の取扱い [Handling of the flag and anthem in the National Curriculum]; 2001-09-11 [cited 2009-12-08]. (Japanese).
  28. ↑ Ministry of Education. 小学校学習指導要領解説社会編，音楽編，特別活動編 [National Curriculum Guide: Elementary social notes, Chapter music Chapter Special Activities]; 1999. (Japanese).
  29. ↑ Aspinall 2001, pp. 125.
  30. ↑ Weisman, Steven R. For Japanese, Flag and Anthem Sometimes Divide. The New York Times. 1990-04-29 [cited 2010-01-02].
  31. ↑ McCurry, Justin. A touchy subject. Guardian Unlimited. 2006-06-05 [cited 2008-01-14]. The Guardian.
  32. ↑ The Japan Times. Ishihara's Hinomaru order called legit; 2006-01-05 [cited 2007-12-04].
  33. ↑ Heenan 1998, pp. 206.
  34. ↑ JAPAN TODAY (2008-05-24). "2 teachers punished for refusing to stand up, recite 'Kimigayo'". JAPAN TODAY. Published by Kyodo News. http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/2-teachers-punished-for-refusing-to-stand-up-recite-kimigayo. Retrieved 2008-05-24. 
  35. ↑ Justin McCurry (of The Guardian) (2006-06-05). "A touchy subject". guardian.co.uk. Published by Guardian News and Media Limited. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/05/worlddispatch.japan. Retrieved 2006-07-29. 
  36. ↑ The Asahi Shimbun (2008-02-11). "EDITORIAL: National anthem ruling". IHT/Asahi via asahi.com. Published by The Asahi Shimbun Company. Archived from the original on 2008-04-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20080416042734/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200802110041.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
  37. ↑ Kyodo News (2006-05-24). "FEATURE: Upcoming verdict on retired teacher draws attention". KYODO NEWS ON THE WEB. Published by Kyodo News. http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=248658. Retrieved 2006-07-29. 
  38. ↑ AFP (2006-05-31). "Japanese teacher fined for anthem protest". TAIPEI TIMES. Published by The Taipei Times. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2006/05/31/2003310932. Retrieved 2007-12-10. 
  39. ↑ The Japan Times (2006-09-23). "City Hall to appeal 'Kimigayo' ruling". The Japan Times ONLINE. Published by The Japan Times Ltd. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20060923a2.html. Retrieved 2007-10-25. 
  40. ↑ McClure, Steve (1999-09-25). "Polydor Censors Japanese Rocker". Billboard Magazine (Billboard): p. 73. http://books.google.com/books?id=cAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA73&dq=Kimigayo&lr=&as_brr=1&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=Kimigayo&f=false. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
  41. ↑ "Laibach - Volk: Review". allmusic. 2006. http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:gcfixqudld0e. Retrieved 2010-07-31. 
  42. ↑ Masahiro Morioka (2006-05-30). "Parody of the Japanese national anthem, Kiss me Kimigayo". Life Studies Blog. http://www.lifestudies.org/weblog/2006/05/parody_of_the_japanese_nationa.html. Retrieved 2007-11-18. 
  43. ↑ Justin McCurry (of Guardian) (2006-05-30). "Japan's rebels sing out with English parody of anthem". guardian.co.uk. Published by Guardian News and Media Limited. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/may/30/japan.justinmccurry. Retrieved 2006-07-29. 
  44. ↑ THE SANKEI SHIMBUN (2006-05-29). "「君が代」替え歌流布　ネット上「慰安婦」主題？". 正論 Web. Published by The Sankei Shimbun. http://www.sankei.co.jp/seiron/wnews/0605/web-news0529-3.html. Retrieved 2006-07-31. 
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